Communication and Professional Relationships with Children and Young People Essay

1. Know how to interact with and respond to children and young people. 1.1. Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with children and young people. The starting point in working effectively with children of all ages is your relationship with them. Children who feel valued and who enjoy being with you will respond better. This means that they are more likely to enjoy playing and learning and are far more likely to behave well. The basis of forming a relationship with children is to consider what their needs may be and to adapt the way in which you work to meet these needs to suit the age or stage of development. You need to make sure that children are always able to turn to someone when they are upset, disappointed or dealing with problems. They need familiar, friendly and supported faces. This means you need to be a good listener. 1.2. Describe with examples how to behave appropriately for a child or young person’s stage of development. It is important that when you are communicating with children you take into account their stage of development. Pupils in foundation stage and KS1 These children are still very young and are still developing their communication skills. When speaking to them, ensure that you get down to their level and not towering over them, as this can be very intimidating for them. You need to give clear instructions and check that they understand fully. This age of children tire quickly and will not maintain concentration for long periods so it is important that they understand. They will also need reminding that is important to listen and take turns when speaking. Pupils in KS2 This is the stage where their communication has progressed. They will be used to more formal conversation and will be less self-centred. Some may still need to be reminded about waiting their turn. Pupils in KS3 They will know and understand different ways in which we can communicate. Teenagers may become more self-conscious about speaking in front of others and may get embarrassed more easily. It is important that they are given more time in groups to build up confidence. 1.3. Describe how to deal with disagreements between children and young people. Disagreements will occur on a regular basis, many at break and lunch times, but also in the classroom. It is important that when dealing with a problem that you find out exactly what happened and hear both sides of the story. They need to know that they have been heard and that their point has been put across. You will need to decide if one of them or both were at fault, if apologies need to be made and if any further action is required, such as talking to another member of staff. 1.4. Describe how own behaviour could: promote effective interactions with children and young people Children always look up to adults and will take lead from adults around them. If we show good behaviour then they will take that in. impact negatively on interactions with children and young people We can’t tell them to do something when we do not do it ourselves! 2. Know how to interact with and respond to adults. 2.1. Describe how to establish respectful, professional relationships with adults. Most teachers accept that all children are unique and different, but sometimes they expect all adults to have the same views as themselves. This is hardly the case, and you need to be ready to respect adults who have a different opinion or have a very different lifestyle. When you are able to do this, everyone benefits. Parents may feel able to talk to you more freely, while you may learn from colleagues who see things from a different perspective. You need to approach and respond politely, be committed to cooperative working. 2.2. Describe the importance of adult relationships as role models for children and young people. Children always benefit when the adults around them are able to collaborate. Parents are more likely to support you and share information if you have developed a strong relationship with them. In the same way, children are more likely to get prompt support from professionals outside the setting if you have built a good working relationship with them. Children are also sensitive to the way in which you work with colleagues. They will notice the atmosphere and model their own behaviour on the way in which you treat each other. 3. Know how to communicate with children, young people and adults. Very young children often aren’t able to express their thoughts and feelings in words, or express them poorly. Because of this, it’s important that adults working with them can listen carefully and help children to learn how to express themselves and also provide what they need. Adapt vocabulary and repeat what you have said when speaking to younger pupils to check on their understanding. Children are ‘social learners’ and learn by copying other people, so any adults working with them should model good communication, both speaking and listening, so that children will learn from them. Children need to know that they are being listened to and heard. This helps them to build up a rapport and trust with adults and promotes better relationships. The more you learn how to listen to children, the better you will be able to assess their abilities and interests and plan for their next steps in learning and development. You will also get to know them well and then you can support their emotional needs by being in tune with them. The better and sooner children learn to communicate, the more easily they will form friendships and their confidence and self-esteem will increase. 3.1. Describe how communication with children and young people differs across different age ranges and stages of development. Younger than 2 years Vocabulary is limited. Communicating mainly through body language and by reading facial expressions. 2–3 years Starting to copy adults, learning more words and gaining confidence. 3–4 years Starting to string words together and may be using questions. For children aged 2-4 years, once they have a few words, adults can help them by showing an interest in what they are saying. Adults can listen to what children say and repeat it. Sometimes they might repeat it so that children can hear the phrase correctly. This helps children learn without knowing it. This is better than telling children that they have said it wrong. Adults can also help a child’s communication by exposing new words to them. 4–8 years Using language to build relationships. Developing reading and writing skills. 8–16 years Developing discussion and negotiation skills. More confident and using more complex language. Adults Can communicate using complex language. Able to use verbal and non-verbal communication. 3.2. Describe the main differences between communicating with adults and communicating with children and young people. When communicating with children, we need to be very clear in what we say. They need to be very clear on what we expect of them, so that they learn to communicate well themselves. We need to try not to use complicated language or give them long lists of instructions, they will only make what we are saying more difficult to take in. 3.3. Identify examples of communication difficulties that may exist. You should adapt the way in which you communicate according to their needs. They may have a speech impediment for example and may struggle with words. Allow them to take their time and do not fill words in for them or guess what they are going to say as this will cause them more distress. Sign language may need to be used for a child with hearing difficulties and extra training may be needed. Different ideas – People may interpret things differently and have a different concept of what everyone should be doing. Poor communication – Not passing on information and failing to agree as a team can cause problems within school. Different personalities – Everyone is different and sometimes, despite the best efforts, certain individuals just cannot get along. Cultural differences – May communicate in a different way. For example, in some cultures eye contact in not encouraged. 3.4 .Describe how to adapt communication to meet different communication needs. How we communicate to one another depends on several things, the age of the person we are speaking to, the context of the conversation and the communication needs of the individual. This applies to both children and adults. We frequently adapt the way we communicate to someone without realising it. If speaking to someone with a hearing impediment, we make sure to speak clearly. Some families may speak another language as their main one and may need a translator. 3.5. Describe how to deal with disagreements between: the practitioner and children and young people Disagreements with children need to be managed carefully and if necessary, seek advice. If a pupil is arguing with you, you should tell them that you are not going to discuss anything with them until you have both taken time out. the practitioner and other adults Any conflicts with other adults need to be resolved as soon as possible and you will need to show sensitivity. The longer a problem goes on for, the harder and more difficult it will be to put right. Sometimes getting another adult to mediate. It is impossible to work effectively if the atmosphere is tensed. 4. Know about the current legislation, policies and procedures for confidentiality and sharing information, including data protection. 4.1. Identify relevant legal requirements and procedures covering confidentiality, data protection and the disclosure of information. Data Protection Act (1998) – Legislation that ensures pupils’ personal information is locked away or password-protected if stored on computers. Every Child Matters – This green paper stresses the Importance of more integrated services and sharing of information between professionals. Confidentiality – Safeguarding all pupil information and ensuring that the people you are sharing information with are authorised to receive it. Disclosing information – When information has to be shared with outside agencies, for example, when neglect or abuse is suspected. 4.2. Describe the importance of reassuring children, young people and adults of the confidentiality of shared information and the limits of this. As a learning support practitioner, you will come into regular contact with confidential information. You may need to reassure parents and other adults that the information that you are authorised to know will be kept confidential. Pupil records that hold their personal information, date of birth, home address and medical details are important for you to have access to in an emergency, but they must remain locked away otherwise. You may need to know other information about the pupil, such as their current assessment level or if they have any special educational needs. This information must remain confidential and can only be shared between authorised staff members. 4.3. Identify the kinds of situations when confidentiality protocols must be breached. If you receive information, for example, if someone confides in you, it is important to remember that there are some situations in which you need to tell others. An example is if you are told of child abuse or another situation in which the child is at risk. At all times though it is important to tell the individual that if they give you information that you cannot keep to yourself, that you will not be able to keep it confidential

Saussure and Derrida

A science that studies the life of signs within society is conceivable; . . . I shall call it semiology (from Greek semeion ‘sign'). Semiology would show what constitutes signs, what laws govern them. Since the science does not yet exist, no one can say what it would be. . . . (Saussure, 1960:16) In this statement Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), the twentieth-century father of the science of signs, presents his theory about language and gives a Greek name. This enterprise has considerably affected most discussions about language and of interpretation since its inauguration. Saussure presents the linguistic system as the place of the sign. Signs don't exist apart from a system. And it is every time a system of differences. Unavoidably, the theory of signs leads Saussure to the theory of language as system. Later, Jacques Derrida (1930-2004) discovers the logocentric dynamic in Saussure's new theory. Referring to the father of structural linguistics and semiology, Derrida leads readers beyond Saussure toward a poststructuralist future. It is this logocentrism which, limiting the internal system of language in general by a bad abstraction, prevents Saussure and the majority of his successors from determining fully and explicitly that which is called ‘the integral and concrete object of linguistics† (Cours 23). Both Ferdinand de Saussure – father of 20th-century linguistics and Jacques Derrida – founder of deconstruction made profound impact upon language theory; their ideas laid the basis for considerable developments in linguisti cs in the 20th century. Saussure on Language In itself, thought is like a swirling cloud, where no shape is intrinsically determinate. No ideas are established in advance, and nothing is distinct, before the introduction of linguistic structure. [†¦] Just as it is impossible to take a pair of scissors and cut one side of paper without at the same time cutting the other, so it is impossible in a language to isolate sound from thought, or thought from sound. To separate the two for theoretical purposes takes us into either pure psychology or pure phonetics, not linguistics. Linguistics, then, operates along this margin, where sound and thought meet. The contact between them gives rise to a form, not a substance (Cours 155-7). This impressive statement from the posthumously published Cours de linguistique generale of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) introduces readers in what was later called as a ‘Copernican revolution' in Western thought relating to language. Why ‘Copernican’? Because just as Copernicus had asserted that the Earth revolved around the Sun, instead of the Sun revolving around the Earth, Saussure asserts something similar on the subject of language. His theory claimed that languages are the instruments that give human beings opportunity to achieve a rational understanding of the world in which they live. Rather than considering words as mere addition to human comprehension of reality, Saussure considered comprehension of reality as depending substantially upon human use of the verbal signs that form the language people use. Language is not secondary but, quite the reverse, central to human life. As a result, human life is linguistically constructed life. Saussure's theory goes far beyond the traditional theory of language as something communicated. It also goes beyond Locke's theory of words as symbols that stand for ideas. Many linguistic philosophers had claimed that without language human reason would be lacking its principal instrument of transformation ideas into words. But Saussure's theory goes further and deeper. Saussure indicates the phonetic and conceptual aspects of language. Linguistics was for Saussure only one subdivision of a relating to various branches science of signs that he proposed to call ‘semiology' (semiologie). Each branch of semiology had a theory of the signs which it studied. Consequently, linguistics would need a theory of the linguistic sign, the fundamental unit of langue. Such a theory of language Saussure proceeds to offer. As his paper-cutting analogy shows, he deals with the linguistic sign as a unit determined merely by its form. Its form has two facets, or ‘opposite sides'. The Saussurean technical identifications for these two facets of the sign are signifiant and signifie (the ‘signifying' plane and the ‘signified' plane) (Matthews 21). Every langue includes semiological system of bi-planar signs. Each sign has its signifiant and its signifie. Despite the fact that each plane may, for convenience, be analyzed one by one, no linguistic sign can be determined without considering both planes that are equally important. The published in 1916 text of the Cours faithfully reflects Saussure's theory about language. That text became the subsequent chapter in the history of ideas about language theory. The text became a cornerstone of modern linguistic theory, as well as the public declaration of a more general intellectual movement of the 20th century that had effect on such diverse disciplines as psychology, social anthropology and literary criticism. This all-round movement is today known as ‘structuralism'. The whole question that the Saussurean theory of linguistic structure gives rise is this: ‘If our langue is a structure, then a structure of what exactly? ‘ (Matthews 69) Saussure's answer to this question is problematic. He identified langue as being at the same time a structure of the mental operations of the human beings, and also a structure of the communicational processes by means of which human beings perform their roles as a cultural constitution. So langue is finally supra-individual in the relation that it is placed in society and depends for its existence on cultural relations; yet it assumes in each individual the power of an internally created system of linguistic signs. More exactly, langue, Saussure claims, ‘is never complete in any single individual, but exists perfectly only in the collectivity' (Cours 30). Derrida’s Theory of Language The theory of language to which Derrida wants to turn attention is connected with the method linguistic meaning is produced. More exactly, the method what there is of linguistic meaning and nonmeaning in their interconnection is presented. Derrida, in his theory of deconstruction, presents the same structure for both the process of nonaesthetic negativity and the process of aesthetic negativity. â€Å"Deconstruction† is connected with an analysis of the theory of language that, similar to the process of aesthetic negativity, discovers within this theory the seeds of its own downfall. Derrida presents a theory of meaning that reflects the idea of the â€Å"iterability† of signs and what he calls their â€Å"supplementary† status. Jonathan Culler summarized Derrida's central idea in this regard in the following way: Our earlier formula, â€Å"meaning is context-bound, but context is boundless,† helps us recall why both projects fail: meaning is context-bound, so intentions do not in fact suffice to determine meaning; context must be mobilized. But context is boundless, so accounts of context never provide full determinations of meaning. Against any set of formulations, one can imagine further possibilities of context, including the expansion of context produced by reinscription within a context of the description of it (Menke 96). Considering Culler's interpretation, Derrida's thesis of the uncircumventable proclivity of language for crisis is based on the difference between what one expects context to offer and what it can really do, when correctly viewed. The nonetheless inevitable recourse to context in the determination of meaning thus results in a crisis for every attempt to comprehend language. What is supposed to generate definitiveness is itself unlimited and thus the source of unmanaged difference. Derrida’s general thesis thus is based on the idea that the understanding of the meaning of signs can only function in a context-bound way. At the same time that contexts cannot define the meaning of signs since they are themselves boundless. The boundlessness that meaning opens itself to in its context-boundedness is in no way eo ipso the boundlessness of a difference that is inconsistent with any identity of meaning (Menke 90). Derrida himself realizes his argument that a â€Å"thousand possibilities will always remain open even if one understands something in this phrase that makes sense† (Menke 96) in an equivocal fashion. On the one hand this idea means: every sign can function in different and boundlessly many contexts. This is precisely what determines the iterability of signs: their reusability in contexts that are not actually those in which they were first placed. The usability of signs in boundlessly many contexts in itself, though, in no way is opposite to the definitiveness of its use and meaning as determined by rules of language. Although one might note, with Derrida, that the deconstruction of logocentrism is a search for â€Å"the other of language† (Derrida 1984, 123), this does not contribute to the statement that deconstruction is originally concerned with a linguistic theory. This is first and foremost the question of the concrete instance, of â€Å"the other, which is beyond language† (Derrida 1984,123). Far, then, from being a philosophy that according to its critics, states that there is nothing beyond language and that one is confined within language, deconstruction can be considered as a response. â€Å"Deconstruction is, in itself, a positive response to an alterity which necessarily calls, summons or motivates it. Deconstruction is therefore vocation – a response to a call† (Derrida 1984,118). Derrida claims that the character of deconstruction is not solely positive, that is not merely an assertion of what already exists and is known, but that it is an assertion of what is wholly other (tout autre) (Derrida 1992, 27). Derrida claims that difference is not something that can appear in logocentric discourse: â€Å"differance is not,† Derrida explains, â€Å"preceded by the originary and indivisible unity of a present possibility that I could reserve†¦. What defers presence, on the contrary, is the very basis on which presence is announced or desired in what represents it, its sign, its trace†¦. Differance is â€Å"that which produces different things, that which differentiates, is the common root of all the oppositional concepts that mark our language†¦ † (Positions, 89). Differance is neither structure nor origin, â€Å"such an alternative itself being an ‘effect' of differance. † Even so, studying the operations of differance requires that the writer use such concepts as structure and origin and â€Å"borrow the syntaxic and lexical resources of the language of metaphysics† even if the writer wishes to deconstruct this language ( Positions, pp. -10). Derrida indicates that differance is not an origin. Neither language nor writing springs in differance. Instead, Derrida says, differance allows the play of absence and presence, writing and thought, structure and force by means of which the question of origin comes to know itself. Saussure and Derrida Exactly at this point one is faced with one of the most problematic though fascinating dimensions of Derrida's theory. The problem, stated above, is that, as soon as it is recognized that there are no simple, unsignified, transcendental signifiers that fix and warrant the meaning of the words, that there exist no originals to which the words can be attributed, one comes to conditions where even this acknowledgement itself seems to have become â€Å"floating† (May 125). Derrida resolves this difficult situation with the help of above discussed theory of signs and of language developed by Ferdinand de Saussure. Despite the idea that language is in a fundamental way a naming process, attaching words to things, Saussure had claimed that language is a system, or a structure. In the structure any individual element is meaningless outside the boundaries of that structure. In language, he asserts, there are only differences. But – and here the ideas of Saussure are basic for Derrida's deconstruction of the metaphysics of presence – these differences are not differences between positive terms, that is between terms that in and by themselves are connected with objects or things outside the system. Accordingly, in language, Saussure indicates, there are only differences without positive terms (May 127). But if this is true, if there are no positive terms, then it means that one can no longer define the differential position of language itself by means of a positive term either. Difference without positive terms indicates that this dimension must itself always be left unperceived for, roughly speaking, it is unconceptualizable. It is a difference that cannot be returned into the order of the same and, through a signifier, given individual characteristics. This suggests, then, that â€Å"the play of difference, which, as Saussure reminded us, is the condition for the possibility and functioning of every sign, is in itself a silent play† (Derrida 1982, 5). If, however, one wants to articulate that – one must first of all admit that there can never be a word or a concept to correspond to this silent play. One must also admit that this play cannot merely be exposed, for â€Å"one can expose only that which at a certain moment can become present† (Derrida 1982, 5). And one must ultimately admit that there is nowhere to begin, â€Å"for what is put into question is precisely the quest for a rightful beginning, an absolute point of departure† (Derrida 1982, 6). All this, and more, is acknowledged in the new â€Å"word† or â€Å"concept† – â€Å"which is neither a word nor a concept† (Derrida 1982:7) but a â€Å"neographism† (Derrida 1982:13) – of differance. The motive why Derrida uses â€Å"what is written as difference† (Derrida 1982, 11) is not difficult to understand. For although â€Å"the play of difference† (Derrida 1982, 11) is introduced as something for the opportunity of all conceptuality, one should not make the mistaken opinion to think that one has finally discovered the real origin of conceptuality. That, expressing the same idea but differently, this play is a playful but despite that transcendental signified. Strictly speaking, in order to avoid this mistake one must acknowledge that the differences that make up the play of difference â€Å"are themselves effects† (Derrida 1982:11, original emphasis). As Derrida claims, What is written as differance, then, will be the playing movement that â€Å"produces† – by means of something that is not simply an activity – these differences, these effects of difference. This does not mean that the differance that produces differences is somehow before them, in a simple and unmodified – in-different – present. Differance is the non-full, non-simple, structured and differentiating origin of differences. Thus, the name â€Å"origin† no longer suits. (Derrida 1982, 11) Although differance is straightforwardly connected with a structuralist idea of meaning – that Derrida recognizes when he indicates that he sees no reason to question the truth of what Saussure proposes (Derrida 1976, 39), there is one important aspect in which differance is outside the scope of structuralism. The point here is that Derrida clearly refuses to accept the primary character of structure itself. Structure is not a transcendental represented (for which reason Derrida notes that he does not want to question the truth of what Saussure proposes â€Å"on the level on which he says it [original emphasis] â€Å"but does want to question the logocentric way in which Saussure says it (Derrida 1976, 39). Structure is even less the effect of an original presence coming before and causing it (Derrida 1978, 278-9). What differance tries to express is the differential character of the â€Å"origin† of structure itself. It is in this relation that one might observe that Derrida's writing is poststructural. To some degree, surely, differance appears when Saussure's examination of how language operates. â€Å"In language,† Saussure indicates, â€Å"there are only differences. Even more important: a difference generally implies positive terms between which the difference is set up; but in language there are only differences without positive terms† (Positions, 120). Derrida's differance in an obvious manner is like Saussure's differences. At the end of Positions, for instance, Derrida specifies â€Å"as differance the movement according to which language, or any other code, any system of reference in general, is constituted ‘historically' as a tissue of differences† (Positions, 104). But Derrida makes an effort to go further. Whereas Saussure considers the differences in a semiotic system as the set of constantly changing relationships the speaker manipulates in order to produce meaning, Derrida defines differance as the boundless disappearance of either an origin of or a final place for meaning. When Derrida describes differance, he always does so by examining what it is not. Rather than considering language in the traditional way, as a set of external signs of already farmed internal thoughts (characteristic of â€Å"logocentrism†), Derrida, like Saussure and modern linguistics, thinks of users of language producing coded, that is, repeatable, marks or traces that originate from within certain unities of meaning as â€Å"effects† of the code. These traces are not fundamentally meaningful in themselves but â€Å"arbitrary† and â€Å"conventional† (Menke 96). Thus there is no difference whether one says â€Å"rex,† â€Å"rol,† or â€Å"king† so long as â€Å"we† – those who share these conventions – can tell the difference between rex and lex, roi and loi, and king and sing (Menke 96). The meaning – is a process of the difference, of the distance or the â€Å"spacing† between the traces, what is called, in an absolutely serious way, the â€Å"play† of differences or traces. By the â€Å"play of differences† Derrida defines the differential spacing, the recognized distance, the recognized (heard, seen) intervals between traces first analyzed in structural linguistics (Menke 97). Conclusion A comprehensive historical examination of deconstruction would necessarily include numerous precursors and forerunners: Freud, Hegel, Heidegger, Husserl, Lacan, Levi-Strauss, Marx, Nietzsche, Saussure. . . . However, it can be said that the history of contemporary deconstruction begins with Jacques Derrida De la grammatologie (1967) that opens with a critique of Saussure. Saussure’s theory of language is here framed within a metaphysical system that extends from Plato and Aristotle to Heidegger and Levi-Strauss. By Derrida this theory is called â€Å"logocentric. † Saussure marks a concluding stage of the long logocentric epoch. Derrida indicates that logocentrism imposed itself upon the world and controlled the theory of language. Derrida’s contributions laid ground for future epoch. In the role of prophet, Derrida concludes his â€Å"Exergue† indicating: â€Å"The future can only be anticipated in the form of an absolute danger. It is that which breaks absolutely with constituted normality and can only be proclaimed, presented, as a sort of monstrosity. For that future world and for that within it which will have put into question the values of sign, word, and writing, for that which guides our future anterior, there is as yet no exergue† (Derrida 1967).

Peanut Butter As A Healthy Food Choice Health Essay

These words might remind you of the celebrated quotation mark from ‘The Godfather ‘ , but trust me friends, these are genuinely my feelings when I talk of the benefits of doing insignificant butter A a portion of your day-to-day diet. Peanut butter has ever been into our kitchen either doing its manner through the yummilicious peanut butter sandwiches or through more sophisticated dishes like pasta or salad. The nutritionary value of the peanut butter can be estimated by the fact that it is even used as a base exigency nutrient for dearth afflicted states due to its high fat and protein content. But you have heard about it incorporating concentrated fats.Then how precisely does peanut butter tantrums into the class of a healthy nutrient pick, you may inquire! Well, here are some of the facts listed about the nutritionary value of peanut butter that will turn you intoA an devouring fan of insignificant butter:Ai Peanut butter is a really high caloric, yet really healthy nutrient. One helping ( about 2 tablespoons ) of peanut butter contains: Protein ( 8 g ) , Fiber ( 2g ) , vitamin ( 2mg ) , Ca ( .04g ) , thiamen ( .04g ) and Cu ( .17mg ) .AAi Protects against high hazard of cardiovascular disease due to high degrees of monosaturated fats and resveratrol.Resveratrol is said to incorporate the antibacterial and antimicrobic qualities in it. i Over the old ages, many surveies done have shown that people with regular consumption of A peanut butter in their diets are less likely to develop bosom disease or Type2 diabetes.Ai When taken on a regular footing, helps protect against Alzheimer disease and formation of gallstones.In add-on to it, peanut butter contains higher degree of antioxidants than present in A apple or carrots. i A Contains dietetic fibre upto 8 % which is known to cut down the blood sugar degree and besides reduces the hazard of colorectal malignant neoplastic disease ( one of the deathly diseases doing many A deceases in states like U.S. ) . i Vitamin B3 contained in it is known for its benefits such as helping in the recovery of cellA DNA harm and proper operation of sex variety meats by doing the proper secernment of sexual endocrines. i Rich beginning of K and Ca supplying benefits like high blood pressure decrease, healthy castanetss and decrease of musculus cramps. Ok, I know, now you can barely resistA yourself from ingurgitating into all types of peanut butter dishes! ! But do one thing sure, that if you are allergic to the peanut butter, so confer with your physician before doing it a portion of your diet. So, as Channing Pollock has said â€Å" No adult male in the universe has more bravery than the adult male who can halt after eating one peanut â€Å" , I guess it would be better to state now that no adult male can halt himself from doing insignificant butter a portion of their day-to-day diet! ! Article No-2— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —Title A -A A A A A Best vegetarian beginnings of omega3 fatty acids â€Å" All animate beings are my friends and I do n't eat my friends! † George Bernard Shaw. Yes, you are a true truster in these ideas on vegetarianismA and you should be proud of yourself that you have adopted a healthy nutrient wont. But you fear that you might be devoid of the indispensable minerals that are an built-in portion of a non vegetarian diet. If u are a freshly converted vegan, so many perceptual experiences might be at that place in your head about the nutritionary value of a vegetable diet. One of the most wrongly sensed impression being that aA vegetarian diet can non supply you with the addendums of minerals asA of import as omega 3 fatty acids. Now the inquiry arises as to what precisely are omega 3 fatty acids and why are they so of import to human wellness? Well, to get down with, omega 3 fatty acids are the indispensable fatty acids necessary for human wellness but the organic structure is unable to synthesise them.You have to acquire them through nutrient beginnings. Omega 3 fatty acids cut down the chance of bosom disease, malignant neoplastic disease, arthritis and other deathly diseases. They are of import for cognitive ( encephalon related maps ) and behavioral maps. Two types of omega 3 fatty acids are present: Ala and DHA.The organic structure basically converts ALA to DHA. Lack of omega 3 in our organic structure can do weariness, hapless memory, bosom jobs, dry tegument, depression And other wellness jobs. Is vegetarian diet deficient in omega 3 fatty acids? A Fish and other non veg diets are supposed to be rich in these type of fatty acids which makes the premise stronger that vegetarian diet is lacking in these acids. One thing has to be made clear in your head that there is no such food which isA indispensable for human wellness and is non present in a veg diet. Infact, vegetarian diet is the richest beginning of omega 3 fatty acids. A A A A A A A A A A A Vegetarian beginnings of omega 3 fatty acids: : 1.A A A A A A Flaxseed oil contains great sums of omega 3 fatty acids. In add-on to it, it besides contains the advantages of fibers and lignans good for wellness. 2.A A A A A A Hemp seeds contains good balance of omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids and important sums of GLA already. 3.A A A A A A Organic milk is said to incorporate 60-70 % higher degree of ALA ( type of omega 3 ) in it than an ordinary milk. 4.A A A A A A Omega-3 fatty acids can be found in smaller measures in nuts, seeds, and soy merchandises, every bit good as beans, veggies, and whole grains. 5.A A A A A A Walnuts and soyabeans besides contain good sum of omega 3 fatty acids necessary for wellness. 6.A A A A A A Leafy green veggies contain right sum of omega 3 every bit good as omega 6 in them.Regular consumption of green leafy veggies ensures supply of omega 3 in your organic structure. 7.A A A A A A Pumpkin seeds and nutrient cooked in olive oil besides are good addendums of omega 3 fatty acids.AIt is reasonably easy for everyone devouring a balanced diet to run into the Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) recommendations for Omega 3 acids consumption. A typical grownup devouring 2000 Calories per twenty-four hours would necessitate about 1.3 – 2.7 gms ALA per twenty-four hours ; bing about one-fourth of a teaspoon of flax seed oil, less than a tablespoon of walnuts or 1.3 tablespoons of soybean oil.ATherefore, a healthy balanced vegetarian diet is really improbable to be lacking in omega 3 fatty acids.ASo following clip when you are eating your vegetable nutrient and person points out that it is non as rich in foods as a non vegetarian diet, give them an penetration into the benefits of the vegetarian diet and experience proud to be a vegetarian!AArticle No-3— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — â⠂¬â€ — — — — — — — — — — — — — –Title A -A A A A A A Taking multivitamins without a prescription can take to wellness jobs. â€Å" All drugs are toxicants, the benefits depends on the dose. † History has ever taught us that the best medical specialty is to take no medical specialty, but as the human inclination is, we do n't larn anything from our past.The same thing applies when we look at the current tendency of trusting on the multivitamins and external addendums by common people.AWhy multivitamins are of import? ?AIdeally, worlds should A acquire A entirely alimentary diets rich in protein, vitamins and minerals. A A But the fact is, most people do non run into all A ofA their nutritionary demands through their nutrient. A As a consequence, many of us rely on multivitamins and addendums to accomplish A complete nutrition. No affair how unhealthy our diet is, we ever try to do up for it through external supplements.We think that we can get away the illeffects caused by debris nutrient through these addendums. The large inquiry arises that can we jump our day-to-day helpings of fruits and veggies And take a vitamin addendum alternatively? Unfortunately, the reply is, no. Although a limited sum of multivitamins within the prescription of a physician can assist you derive the benefits of these addendums but the existent danger arises when people play with their life by taking these multivitamins without any prescription.ATaking multivitamins without prescriptionAThe worst thing you could make to your organic structure is to do it accustomed of external addendums. Unfortunately, these yearss most of the people around the universe are making the same in the name of better wellness and alimentary supply to the organic structure. Even the makers of these addendums make false claims about these multivitamins being without any sideeffects but the image is non every bit rose-colored as they claim.AWhile they contain good ingredients, the truth is when taken in extra, these multivitamins are non absorbed by the organic structure and therefore lead to assorted complications. Besides, assorted inexpensive multivitamins present in the market contain toxic substances in them which can be unsafe for your wellness. If you think that by taking these multivitamins without any prescription, nil harmful is done, so you are mistaken. Taking them in surplus or without being prescribed leads to decelerate decease. Every organic structure has different demands of these foods and merely your physician has the proper cognition and authorization as to what type and sum of multivitamins are best for you. Do non seek to go your ain physician and take them in sums you feel right.The best manner to avoid the sick effects of these multivitamins is to ever confer with your physician about their ingestion. While the best option is to choose for organic nutrient to fulfill the bodily demands of of import minerals and vitamins.Organic nutrient is said to incorporate high sums of foods in it which can fulfill the alimentary demand. Add high quality addendums which provide your organic structure with bio-available vitamins and minerals, and it becomes easy to populate a long, healthy life while devouring fewer Calories and still obtaining the foods you need to work optimally.AArticle No-4— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — –Title A -A A A A A A Excess of proteins can take to joint strivingsAâ€Å" One one-fourth of what you eat supports you alive. The other 3 one-fourth maintain your physician alive. †AWe worlds pretend to take so much attention of our wellness that sometimes we forget the sideeffects of these measures.As in this instance, we all are cognizant of the importance of protein for our wellness but we hurriedly consume so much protein that it becomes a load for the organic structure. What, do n't state me! ! Even proteins consumed in surplus have ill effects associated with them? Unfortunately, the reply is yes.Proteins when nowadays in surplus can take to serious complications in the organic structure like joint strivings and other diseases. Here in this article we focus on how extra proteins are responsible for that terrible hurting in your articulations you feel everytime you wake up in the forenoon.AWhat are proteins and why are they so of import? Proteins are one of the basic foods needed by human organic structure being about 16 % of the entire organic structure weight.Most of the organic structure tissues, tegument, musculus, hair need protein for their well being. Even the of import chemicals like enzymes, endocrines, senders and deoxyribonucleic acid which constitute our organic structure are made up of protein. What sum of protein is needed? Protein demands vary harmonizing to your age, size and activity level.Sportspersons and atheletes need greater sums of protein than an mean individual.AA proportion of 0.5 to 0.8g/pound of protein is recommended for active people by the physicians.AWhat does extra protein make?AProteins take a long clip to digest ( about 4 to 6 hour. ) by our body.Too much protein in the diet can take to high cholesterin or Ca loss from bone.It besides puts a high strain on kidneys and the liver. But the most unsafe effect of a high protein diet is loss of Ca which leads Ro articulation strivings. When amino acids nowadays in the proteins are ingested in the blood, the organic structure uses Ca to buffer this addition in blood sourness which leads to elimination of Ca from the castanetss. Protein degree in the fluids environing painful articulations is twice every bit high compared to trouble free articulations.AReduce protein degree in your diet if you suffer from joint hurtingATry to avoid high protein beginnings of nutrient like ruddy meat, nuts and leguminous plants if you are one of the victims of a high protein diet. Taking protein harmonizing to the right degree is really of import to protect against the loss of Ca in the body.Avoid carnal beginnings of protein because they are known to incorporate extra sum of proteins. Consult your physician to cognize more about the right mix of protein in your diet.ATherefore, while it is nice to hold protein in your diet but do non seek to turn it into the instance of â€Å" excessively much of a good thing † exactly! !AAArticle No-5— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — –Title A -A A A A A A Increase your fibre consumption to take down the hazard of wellness jobs. We have all heard about fibers and their benefits in maintaining the organic structure healthy and fit. But frequently we think as to why the ingestion of fibers is so much of import. Here is why: Fibre is mostly a saccharide. The edifice blocks of all saccharides are different types of sugars and they can be classified harmonizing to how many sugar molecules are combined in the saccharide: Simple sugars – consist of 1-2 sugar molecules ; for illustration glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose and lactose. Oligosaccharides – consist of 3-10 glucose molecules joined together. Starch polysaccharides – have more than 10 glucose molecules joined together.AAAssorted wellness benefits are associated with the fibers. So it is really necessary to cognize more about them.Keeps the digestive system healthySoluble fiber absorbs H2O like a sponge and allows elimination of waste stuffs from the organic structure easy maintaining the digestive system working decently.Good for DiabetessA Eating a diet high in fibre slows glucose soaking up from the little bowel into the blood. This reduces the possibility of a rush of insulin, the endocrine produced by the pancreas to brace blood glucose degrees.Lower berths blood cholesterin degree to protect from bosom complaintsRecently, there has been a great trade of involvement in oat bran, since some surveies showed that regular consumption of nutrients high in soluble fibre – such as oat bran, adust beans and soya beans – reduced blood cholesterin degrees. When blood cholesterin degrees are high, fatty runs and plaques are deposited along the walls of arterias. This can do them perilously narrow and lead to an increased hazard of coronary bosom disease. It is thought that soluble fibre lowers blood cholesterin by adhering bile acids ( which are made from cholesterin to digest dietetic fats ) and so egesting them. – & gt ; When eaten on a regular basis as portion of a diet low in concentrated fat, transA fatA andA cholesterin, soluble fibre has been associated with increased diet quality and decreased hazard of cardiovascular disease. – & gt ; Soluble or syrupy fibres modestly cut down LDL ( â€Å" bad † ) cholesterin beyondA degrees achieved by a diet low inA saturatedA and trans fats and cholesterin entirely. – & gt ; Foods high in soluble fibre include oat bran, burgoo, beans, peas, rice bran, barley, citrous fruit fruits, strawberries and apple mush. – & gt ; Insoluble fibre decreases cardiovascular hazard and slows patterned advance of cardiovascular disease in bad persons. – & gt ; Foods A incorporating indissoluble fibres such as A wheaten staff of lifes, wheat cereals, wheat bran, rye, rice, barley, most other grains, chou, Beta vulgariss, carrots, Brussels sprouts, Brassica rapas, cauliflower and apple tegument are readily available. So if you want to maintain your bosom immature and beating increase your day-to-day consumption of fibers through the natural souces of fibers present and remain off from all bosom complaints.

Training and development Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Training and development - Literature review Example Therefore, this means that it is increasingly becoming difficult to define management at the contemporary workplace due to inconsistencies in both the classical conceptualization of management and the actual practicalities of management in organizations today, due to challenges of the changing environment. According to Andre De Waal et.al 2009 p.180, Vietnamese banks are increasingly under pressure to find ways of enhancing performance to increase their competitiveness in the highly competitive Vietnamese banking industry. Competition often results to scarcity of resources and decline of returns on investment especially where organizations have a low market strength compared to rivals, and this lack of competitiveness might eventually result to organizational failure. Andre De Waal et.al presents on the much under researched topic of high performance organization and characteristics of high performance in the Vietnam banking industry, and some of the major HPO factors highlighted inc lude, but are not limited to, quality of management and workforce quality. Quality management entails establishing and maintaining trust relationships with the human factor of the firm on all levels by valuing staff loyalty, treating them fairly with respect, understanding individual needs, in addition to encouraging belief and trust in others. A HPO also develops its workforce by training them to acquire strategic competencies and capabilities, giving them opportunities to learn from others, and encouraging creativity in the accomplishment of tasks through performance reviews. The banks in the Vietnam banking sector have come under increasing pressure to implement training programs in response to the pervasive pressures in the banking industry, to achieve both competitiveness and sustainability in the long term. Ha Thu Vu and Sean Turnell 2010, p.115 states that the banking sectors around the world have been subject to considerable changes over the past few decades through a number of factors such as deregulation, mergers and acquisitions, financial liberation, in addition to other reform and restructuring programs. They observe this evolutionary trend in the Vietnamese banking industry that started with the transformation of Vietnam’s banking system from a mono-tier to a two-tier banking system; domestic Vietnamese banks later went through rapid restructuring programs, financial deregulation, and became integrated into the global financial systems. Ha Thu Vu and Sean Turnell examine the cost efficiency of the Vietnamese banking industry by incorporating the monotonicity and concavity constraints in calculating the cost frontier using the Bayesian approach. In addition, this body of literature presents that the Vietnamese banking industry has undergone rapid reform programs to recapitalize the banks, to reorganize management activities, to improve staff skills, and enhance performance. This research further observes that the overall progress of the ban king industry reform has been spotty with the profitability of the Vietnamese banks remaining marginal. Quang Truong et al 2010, p.75 highlight the pervasive focus on developing and managing the human resources especially in the light of the search for competitive advantage and increasing

ACCOUNTING FOR STRATEGIC & MANAGEMENT CONTROL Essay

ACCOUNTING FOR STRATEGIC & MANAGEMENT CONTROL - Essay Example There are numerous problems that face the BH Ltd in the control systems. To begin with the audits are not done effectively. There is need for the independent auditors to work on the BH Ltd accounts. The accounts are oftenly collected and sent to the Ave Co Plc.The company also experiences problems with the capital budgeting and the performance appraised on budgeting. (anonymous, 2008).The finance functions have also contributed to the disappointing results. The finance department has little interaction with either the individual or the regional managers. There is also a problem in the performance measurement systems. The key performance indicators are not effectively applied. According to Grahamme Steven, vital data from the organization must be obtained to produce the good results. There are however limitations of the data access due to the confidentiality by the managers who have chosen not to work with the headquarters. As we all understand our company acquired BH Ltd 4 years ago. It has been performing well and it has been a place where many people desired to go. However after the restructuring there has been a series of problems and disappointing performance. Shareholders and the customers have been on the watch over the performance of the company.Ordinarily, shareholders must have confidence in the published accounts so as to make the reliable investment decisions. The reduced ROI has been their point of concern as most of them threaten to quite the organization. The hotel occupancy rate has been rising at a slow rate. However there has been a question why the company is not performing well. I. Control systems. The control systems are generally weak giving a leeway to disappointing results. The company has been producing monthly management accounts to the headquarters. The accounts have revealed a reduced ROI yet there have been increased profits recorded. The accounts were made in dependency and secrets. There was therefore no transparency while

NFL New Commissioner Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NFL New Commissioner Strategy - Essay Example According to National Football League, any cash that NFL take and not channeled to ACS, is used in covering the cost for cancer awareness program, the company is yet to explain where the money is profiting and channeled to. The reasonable cooperation with the media is important to the continuous popularity of the National Football League coaches and players. As a commission, I would come up with the policies that update and review the operating procedures of the leagues. To relive the congestion that exist in the locker, prior to matches, each of the participating clubs need to bring their head coach and a single player to match for an interview before the beginning of the game. The issue of domestic violence has always affected the image of companies such as National Football League. This has manifested itself on the visibility and transparency of the intimate lifestyle for the players. This has brought the issue at center stage for fans and society. It is recommended that the security cameras need to be prevalent, so that their behavior can be captured when the victims think they are undetected and discreet. As a commissioner allow questions on the profitability of the National League Football to distract them from the larger issues and ways where the domestic violence has facilitated the cultural attitudes that players need to work on (Layden, 34). Based on the Breast Cancer awareness the company is yet to provide a report on where the company channels its money. It is unclear on how much half of the items mark-up that is sold directly by National Football League and if the teams goes to ACS at all. This has a negative perception on the image of the comp any. Based on accessing the media, the reasonable cooperation with the media is important to the continuous popularity of the National Football League coaches and players. As a commission, I would come up with the policies that update and review the operating procedures of the

International Relations - Iraq Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Relations - Iraq Conflict - Essay Example . Fifteen years after the United Nation Security Council imposed sanctions and containment on Iraq, U.S. forces continued to battle remnants of the former regime and a range of other adversaries inside Iraq. Iraq remains a decisive battle front for both those who support and those who oppose the development of more moderate and globalized Islamic societies. The economy of this oil – rich country had been completely devastated by hyper inflation and debt. In 1990s Iraqis suffered under the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein and things got tragically worse with the horror of the attacks of September 2011.This gave a wonderful opportunity for America to retaliate against Islam radicals and the target was Iraq. The reason for this was possession of weapon of mass destruction by Iraq which was a military threat to America. The killing and counter killing continued for years. But the root cause of conflict in Iraq can be of various natures and one being religious indifferences. The othe r main reasons are poverty, ignorance, regression and fanaticism. According to Cordesman (2008,pg 45)â€Å"Tension between Sunni and Shiite legislators remained heightened as both sects accused each other of propagating sectarian killings and conflict† The root causes of conflict in Iraq can be associated with the following: The conflict in Iraq is not a civil war. It is a sectarian violence, complicated by the region’s wider religious rifts and their intersection with state – supported terrorism networks.

Public Policy & Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Policy & Administration - Essay Example For a better distinction between the two, leadership is defined as the process whereby, a leader influences his/her followers to achieve a common goal (Bertocci 5). Management is the act of exercising administrative and supervisory duties of a group or an organisation. It is apparent that due to continued innovation and competition, organisations, and groups need both effective managers and leaders in order to have successful operations. In this regard, leadership and management are similar in several ways. Firstly, they both argued to influence employees or constituents in a particular manner. For example, team leader with leadership qualities can be able to lead his/her group in a successful way. In most cases, studies have found that leaders with no leadership qualities tend to influence their followers in the way that results in low performance and incompetence. Similarly, a good manager with managerial skills tends to influence his/her group in a way that results into top result s, as opposed to when the group manager would be incompetent, and the results are poor performance due to lack of proper coordination (Bertocci 7). In both leadership and management, authority and power are manifested in both. ... Differences between leadership and management Even though there are similarities between the two, there are striking differences between the two. Firstly, management is often task oriented while leadership is considered to be more inspirational and visionary (Bertocci 9). In addition, management involves planning and budgeting, while leadership involves establishing direction. While management entails the establishment of agendas, leadership entails creating a vision. It is also apparent that management involves setting timetables, while leadership involves clarifying the big picture. In management, what follows setting timetables is the allocation of resources required to accomplish tasks while, in leadership, clarification of the big picture is followed by setting strategies. On another dimension, as management engages in organizing and staffing, leadership engages in aligning people. Management also involves the establishment of rules and procedures, while leadership involves buil ding teams and coalitions. In this regard, management seeks making job placement, while leadership seeks commitment. Another major difference is that, in management, controlling and problem solving is apparent, while motivating and inspiration is apparent in leadership (Bertocci 10). Section II Policy analysis Describe and identify at least one example of the ideological conflict many Americans have with their negative attitude toward the idea of a large and active government, but positive desire to provide individual, public programs such as education and health programs like Medicare. Mainly, large governments are associated with corruption and inefficiency. Many Americans have a

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationship - Essay Example It puts us in a category of our own where we see things from the same eyes, even though we are two separate individuals who have their own respective worldviews (Holt 2005). Even though Austin likes to communicate with me on a consistent level, I have always asked him to meet me more than calling me on the phone because I believe our friendship is on such a level that phone calls could just demean us in someway. Hence it is best that we enjoy each other’s company and this can only happen when we meet regularly. Some important things that govern and essentially define our relationship include the respect that we have for our elders and the love and support to our mutual friends and colleagues. Both of us like to interact with kids, which automatically make us people who like to hang around children quite a lot. Austin and I are known to be extroverts which implies for our comprehension that we like to go out more and more, and thus enjoy the festivities of eating out, partying by the beach as well as a range of other fun-filled activities (Azzarone 2003). We sincerely love the feeling of being close to one another because this is how we view life in its own meticulous way. It also makes us enjoy the world around us together. These important aspects developed with the passage of time as we started knowing each other more and thus we found out that our common traits were very uncommon amongst the people around us. The exceptional two that we were actually made us feel good about our own selves, which strengthened our friendship all the same. Our relationship is more supportive than being defensive at any point in time. This is because we understand each other quite well and it makes our lives easier in contrast to how other best friends live their lives. Our relationship has blossomed with the passage of time and I cannot recall a single instance where we ended up arguing between our selves. I believe this is because both of us respect one another and look up to our unity for the help and assistance that we so may require. Our relationship has thus become a potent force because our trust levels have been tied to who we are and how we view our friendship (White 2002). Some of the specific factors that contribute to the situations which take place on a day to day level comprise of our interaction with the people around us. We both believe in giving our best when it comes to our elders, since we respect them a lot. We always make an effort to help the underprivileged and needy around us, which is something that I and Austin gain satisfaction from. If ever there was a conflict between me and Austin, we would resolve it amicably. This is because both of us believe in keeping away from conflicts and rifts. Fortunately, we have never had a fight as yet which gives us the edge to understand each other better. This is one way to know how much respect I hold for Austin and likewise (Costley 2007). We may have difference of opinions but this has never transpired into conflicts and hence the duration is of no use as far as its mention is concerned. The strategies that we use to resolve conflict would essentially take into perspective listening to one another and giving the other individual the much needed space so that he can think through things and get back. It is an important consideration and both I and Austin are well aware of that. I believe these methods have been quite satisfactory as conflicts are something that can literally mar the basis of any

How a Simple Gesture of Courtesy Can Change Humanity Essay Example for Free

How a Simple Gesture of Courtesy Can Change Humanity Essay Basically, Courtesy is simply defined as showing of politeness towards other people. However, if you think about it further, this word means so much more as it can make huge changes in our lives, our nation, and the entire humanity. Nowadays, it is quite significant that we show kindness to other people, not just the ones we personally get to be acquainted with but especially those individuals we don’t know. Being civil towards each other only means that we respect each other’s opinions, way of thinking, and actions. We all know that each and every one of us are uniquely created and we have to understand those differences because we can all grow and learn from each other if we only take the time to make realizations out of these everyday actions. One good paradigm is our school community here at LPU in Manila. We have to face the reality that there can be times when we cannot contain ourselves from making a fuss out of class misunderstanding with our professors/classmates; or the never ending school violations that we get from the school guards; waiting in queue for long lines during enrollment, paying for our school fees, or merely waiting for our turn to be served food at the cafeteria; and asking for some mercy from our terror professors who finds it rather fun to see us having a difficult time accomplishing their subject requirements. These are those â€Å"some things† that can make our temper soar rocket high. At one point, before making not-so-good reactions, have we asked ourselves about how we should deal with all these? Have we thought of showing courtesy even if we feel that we’re being violated of our rights on those sometimes? I personally think that showing act of politeness can turn dreadful situations into something better. We can define ourselves with how we usually act when no one is watching. Good thoughts toward others are very important not because it can make you look excellent and ideal, but it can personally and eventually professionally hone you into a good citizen of this country. Showing that you appreciate your professors through studying well on their class can make them feel that they’re doing their jobs precisely. If we take a closer look at how these educators passionately share their knowledge with us, we’ll all realize that their profession is priceless. We should know the fact that they serve as our second parents and we must give them equal respect that we give our real ones. As a student of this university, I would have to say that courtesy doesn’t just end with showing acts of politeness and kindness inside the school premises. We should exhibit courtesy everywhere we go and with whomever we meet. Our real lives actually start when we leave school and face the sometimes unfair and harsh reality of the world. I know for sure that if we only give out courtesy not just from our minds but also from our hearts, we can change this country’s state and become one of the best from around the globe. We cannot just leave our country’s success to the government. Because again, courtesy plays a huge part into making a country stand out. Being a good citizen is not about becoming a politician that can guide this country and its people. We can be our simple selves and yet make a huge difference by doing our part. We can show courteousness through abiding law; helping out other Filipinos; supporting our government’s projects; having a warm heart for less fortunate; sharing our knowledge through hard work; and being honest, just and fair. Filipinos are known to be hard working, respectful, kind, and humble. If we keep on improving not just because we want to be successful but also to become better persons each day, the whole world can perceive how simple courtesy can make everything better. The whole world needs courtesy just like it needs love. Courteousness is one of the significant factors that can make an individual, a nation, and humanity exceptional. Courtesy starts with us. It is given and should not be asked for.

What Is A Pressure Group?

What Is A Pressure Group? Pressure groups are known to be small and extremely diverse formed on the basis of interest and activities, their functions give them a high public profile where minds are influenced and driven to make change. A Pressure group is an organisation which seeks to influence the details of a comparatively small range of public policies and which is not a function of a recognised political party (Baggott, 1995: p.2). An aim of pressure groups is to generate support which can influence political agendas; this can directly persuade the government to think about taking action. In this essay I will concentrate upon exploring on various issues on pressure groups, discussing the relationship between the groups, their use of the media and their status as insiders and outsiders in the political process. Pressure groups have two main types of groups the insiders and outsiders, which each promote a common cause with a different relationship with the media and political party making one as an unheard voice in the public sphere. To the public Pressure groups is another form where the public can engage in politics, participating directly in the political process. I will also intricate in this essay the growths of pressure groups due to their use of the media and their political engagement. The size of a group is a basic indicator of how much public support they get especially those that posses open membership, they mobilise through demonstrations, protest involving some non members through organised events. The different types of well known pressure groups that I will include are Greenpeace, Child Poverty Action Group , Police Federation and Friends of the earth. These are high profile groups that bring about transformation to society focusing on the ability to gain access to media coverage for a high public profile. The political process can also benefit from this as they ensure that the media will concentrate on issues that will benefit them the most. Exerting influence on gove rnment and the policy making process is the ultimate aim of pressure groups (Lowe and Goyder, 1983, p79). In Paul Smith a study of pressure group behaviour. This quote again highlights the aim of pressure groups as they want their marginalised voices to be heard by the people that can have an immediate influence on policy making process. Body Pressure groups represent, influence and build upon their public; they have to demonstrate further political support to gain their position. It can be achieved through parliamentary lobbying; this is when groups are in frequent contact with the House of Commons or House of Lords. There are various reasons why groups lobby parliament, Rush (1990) explain three possible reasons one of which is outside organisations fail to perceive parliaments place in the policy- making process, believing it to have more influence over policy than is actually the case. The second is parliament is used when pressure elsewhere has failed and therefore is the last resort for those unable to influence ministers and senior civil servants. The third is that parliament does have an impact on policy. Groups deliberately choose a strategy which involves parliamentary lobbying because they correctly believe that this will bring benefits in terms of policy (Baggott, 1995: p. 135). There is evidence to support al l three reasons as groups believe that parliament is all powerful, and that by simply lobbying MPs they will secure their objectives. Public opinion is essential and important in policy decisions, concerns by the public is easily expressed through pressure groups. an example Shelter and the child poverty action group in the 1960s reflected a wider public concern about the failure of the welfare state to provide for the poor (Baggott, 1995: p. 168). This example Represent both citizens interest and political views. Grant (1989) identifies the two types of groups, the Insider and Outsider group. Insiders are seen as legit as they are recognised by the government and consulted on a regular basis an example is Police Federation, however outsiders are not as recognisable as Insiders due to their relationship status with the government. Grant states the 3 categories of outsider groups one of which is the potential insider group; this is achieved by a strategy acceptable in the eyes of the government another is outsiders are less knowledgeable than an insider lastly an outsider group can refuse to reform to an insider because of the fundamental nature of their aims. The implication of Grants distinction is that insider status is linked to effectiveness. The assumption appears to be that most groups will seek insider status (Baggott, 1995). However Clements and Wright view of this is different in a study where they found that although group could seek insider status it is not always effective. Local g overnments went from outsiders to insiders in the New Blair government but insider status does not guarantee success in achieving desired policy goals, as the local Government Association found (Clements and Wright, The British Political Process: An Introduction, (2000) pp.138). It is possible for an outsider to play an important role of public policy by mobilising public sentiment, an example shown by the anti-poll tax federation. There are different methods used to achieve an objective, Insider groups use the influence in Westminster and Whitehall. Insiders are more likely to be consulted by the government than an outsider group, their communication strategy is lobbying. Lobbying is the direct communication between a pressure group and government, bringing their cause and ideas to the attention of parliament, targeting key groups; they employ parliamentary officers and do not need special campaigns to influence the government however. The Implication is that insider groups will spend relatively less time on other strategies such as parliamentary lobbying which will be pursued to a greater extent by outsider groups (Baggott, 1995: P.136) Lobbyist argues that they improve the efficiency of the policy making process by explaining the tight timetable of legisl ation to clients and the need to apply pressure at the right place (Baggott, 1995: P.137). While outsider groups are more likely to depend on the media and its public to spread their message as well as to raise funds. It is important to state the combination of both insider and outsider model as an insider group can part take in both but with great limitations. Environmental pressure groups, they employ strategies in order to get the attention of the media. Growing concerns about the environment led to the recognition and growth of environmental pressure groups such as Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace. Greenpeace an environmental pressure group embodies both insider and outsider strategies promoting a non violent action as well as gaining a high level of government and public support. Greenpeace well known for initiating a campaign backed by governments and the public after the British government approved a proposal by shell UK for deep sea disposal of 463 ft of Brent spar oil storage in the north Atlantic (Parliamentary Affairs, 51 (3): 397). However Greenpeace credibility was damaged by the apparent lack of scientific evidence supporting its position in the Brent Spar oil rig incident in 1995 (Clements and Wright, The British Political Process: An Introduction, (2000) pp.138). In terms of the media, Greenpeace has successfully used the media to mobilise their public support, maintaining a positive image through the media. An aim of Greenpeace is to gain the support of the media; it will always centre any campaign strategy. They provide a spokesperson to provide information and views on particular issues. Newspapers View: Daily Mirror declared that the policy change was a victory for Greenpeace and that it was an example of peoples power. The political significance of the Greenpeace campaign and of shells actions is universally recognised as a defining period or benchmark in the relationship between business, the government, the public and the environment (Parliamentary Affairs, 51 (3): 397).The internet plays a huge role in Greenpeace becoming a campaigning tool, where one can communicate campaign developments in the quickest and most effective way e.g. Social Networking Sites, Blogs and so on. Another Outside pressure group that also uses the internet as a form of communication is Friends of the Earth, having th eir own website which serves as an information centre; this allows supporters to communicate with a single click of a button leading to the website. The media plays a huge role in day to day society somewhat acting as a pressure group in its own right protecting and advancing its own interest, taking up issues defined as legitimate by those in power. The media first and foremost plays an important role in politics; actively pressure groups can use the media to gain publicity. A recent survey of over a hundred various groups found that four out of five were in contact with the media at least once a day and that 13 per cent of those surveyed perceived media campaigning to be their most important source of influence (Baggott, 1992 pp. 18-22). Thus contacts with the media are important for a large proportion of pressure groups, who use the media in a number of different ways (Politics, 1999: pp.23). The use of the medias visibility of a pressure group is to create this public Profile that the public would recognise. Outsiders especially need the awareness and visibility as some are not considered legitimate by the government, its imp ortance is to raise issues to the public via the media; this is done by the two most important methods, the press Newspapers and broadcast Radio/Television ensuring issues are communicated accurately and clearly to sustain a growing mass interest. Constant coverage is vital as it keeps a buzz on the group reassuring members its activeness within the group as well as its growth. An example of this is Friends of the Earth an outsider group that showed through a survey that 24 per cent of members joined after seeing a media campaign. Survey seen in (Grant, 1995, p.86 taking from Politics (1999) p. 23). According to Baggott, at least four out of five groups are in contact with the media to raise and build public support. Most pressure groups appreciate the role of the media in their centre. Child poverty action group a pressure group that aims to raise awareness of causes and to bring about positive policy changes for families and children in poverty, they use the media to help promote and develop policies. Using a term called reactive coverage which uses the media to put across its viewpoint and influence. The child poverty action group used media coverage to demonstrate that an issue was of public concern and therefore reinforce a case being made civil servants (Field, 1977, pp53- 4). Environment pressure groups i.e. Greenpeace and Friends of the earth well known pressure groups backed by the public has used the media to help change the climate of public opinion having an immediate influence. The growing use of the public relations and the media specialist by pressure groups reflects the influence which they believe the mass media have over public opinion and policy decisions (Baggott, 1995: pp. 184). TV is the most popular source of news to pressure groups as well as newspaper being its main source. Pressure groups operating at a national level regard television as the most important source. Other strategies that both insider and outsider pressure groups have used are posters or press advertisement in order to get their message across to its public. As Outsiders, Friends of the earth have organised stunts which have attracted a great deal of media attention, leading to their coverage because they were dramatic. Outsiders need to be visual in other to get their me ssage across unlike insiders; a recent example would be the student fees protest which got a lot of attention not only because of the drastic change but because of the stunts that were pulled by protesters in order to influence the policy change. Using photographic imagery and television news would attract a large number of Media, also embodying an outsider strategy Greenpeace uses television news and newspaper visuals employing their own cameraman and photographer which is a main strategy of an outsider group. Friends of the Earth approach to the media is different as they produce well researched and reliable reports, operating by establishing firm contacts, especially journalist through individual campaigners. As an Outsider group they have a good reputation on doing a lot of research and having answers before campaigns. The growth of pressure groups is due to the changes in the social structure of Britain, particularly the fragmentation of British society resulting from the breakdown of previously rigid class divisions (Moran 1985). An explanation is more people who are affected by issues are more willing to join protest. Another factor is the impact of a more highly educated population which is a feature of post affluent societies. It is argued that a more articulate and highly educated public is more likely to indulge in group politics, and again there is much evidence to suggest that this is the case (Parkin, 1968; Parry et al, 1992). In todays society the public is more active than passive wanting to get involved in political activity. Public becoming more concerned with issues will make the government consider policy change. There are also signs that people are increasingly willing to undertake collective action in such circumstances, although this still remains a less popular option than other forms of participation, such as signing petitions and contacting MPs on an individual basis (Baggott, 1995: p. 172). An advantage of an Insider Group is that they are too powerful and are in connection with those in power as well as media connections, having the opportunity to influence and shape policies formulated by the government. However Outsiders are a disadvantage to that. Outsiders use inappropriate tactics at times and their connection with power is not as great as that of Insiders. However due to the freedom of information it gives them an opportunity to campaign in a more effective manner, as well as Internet being an effective campaigning tool. Conclusion To conclude, I will draw out my conclusions regarding pressure groups, this essay explores on the theories on pressure groups and their role in democracy and society. Also stated is how pressure groups use the media as a communication strategy to influence. I distinguished the difference between the two pressure groups outsiders and insiders, they both share the ability to reform policies and both have clear strategies. An important factor in the concept of this essay is the relationship between the groups and the government which determines the groups legitimacy and success. The growth of pressure groups being increased by the media and its coverage has led to the importance of media in an Insider group but significantly more important in an outsider. Outsider groups also have an advantage of using the public in demonstrations creating more awareness regarding issues and policy process. Group membership has grown due to people concerned with quality of life an example of a pressure group, Greenpeace, which highlights the environment and portrays it as something that would affect us if we do not take action. In contrast some groups have declined in membership as changes occur in the social structure. Participation is however still on the rise, e.g. Student Fees Protest. It has been proven that Pressure groups Like Greenpeace has been successful in the decision making process. The Brent Spar episode is an example in relation to Greenpeace. Groups are now more aware that they need to establish a good relationship with parliament and the media, as well as parliamentary lobbying and public campaigning when necessary. There has been an increase in lobbying especially among the insider groups who wish to influence political influence. Most inside groups have passive members as they are recognised in parliament and work with the government. It is in the interests of good government to work with pressure groups rather against them (Baggott, 1995: pp. 230). Groups can c ontribute to efficiency their knowledge and information can help government to develop a more effective policy.

Identity in Rural Communities: Sociological Concepts

Identity in Rural Communities: Sociological Concepts Introduction Rural communities have been a source of much interest for those engaged within the sociological and geographical realms of study for many years now. The industrial revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries triggered the phenomenon of rural depopulation as millions throughout the Western nations, lured by the promise of a more prosperous existence in the urban core, abandoned their agrarian settlements. However, the late 20th century has witnessed a dramatic increase in the standard of living for the inhabitants of the developed world. Cataclysmic advancements in the spheres of transportation, infrastructure and technology have permitted the denizens of our cities with greater access to regions which were once isolated and peripheral. For the first time in over two centuries populations are now increasing throughout the urban hinterland and countryside. As a consequence, rural communities are now faced with a growing influx of ‘outsider’ or alien elements which may be per ceived to threaten their unique cultural and social traditions. Such elements range from governmental legislation (imposed from a regional, national or supranational level) to tourism and second home ownership. However, in an increasingly globalised and homoginised world, academics have developed great interest in the methodologies deployed by erstwhile isolated settlements as they strive to conserve their very identities and notions of ‘community’. Mewitt has argued that the ‘esoteric cultures’ of rural communities have been much undervalued. He states that, ‘a local population can possess a largely unique culture that remains distinctive in that its symbolic manifestations convey meanings that are commonly understood only among those people.’[1] Defining the Communal Boundary Muir eloquently highlights that, ‘every landscape is enmeshed in networks of boundaries. Some of these are living or current and others are relics of former patterns of overlordship and partition.’[2] He further adds that, ‘some boundaries are political in character’ whilst ‘others relate to ownership and tenancy.’[3] Indeed, the configuration of the present day counties of England dates from Medieval times when the Normans attempted to organise and rationalise the physical landscape. Muir explains that as the number of people residing in a specific locale increases, the greater the necessity precipitates to impose physical boundaries to ‘serve both instructive and symbolic roles.’[4] The remnants of Medieval ‘landscapes of power’ can still be observed in the guise of churches or castles positioned on elevated terrain. Indeed Muir emphasises that, ‘Medieval crosses were frequently associated with marking route way s and the places where roads entered ecclesiastical property.’[5] However, sociologists argue that the concept of ‘boundary’ often surpasses the purely mundane realm. Cohen insists that the boundary of a community is ‘more complex than its physical, legal or administrative basis’ and even ‘ethnic, racial, religious or linguistic differences.’[6] Indeed, he believes that communal, social and physical frontiers may ‘exist in the minds of their beholders’ and are often not objective entities.[7] Indeed, according to Cohen and other commentators the boundaries of a community may be defined in a variety of ways including local genealogy, traditions, idioms, land distribution, folk histories and idiosyncrasies. Defining the Rural Community Shuttles argues that whilst urban communities were traditionally defined on the basis of ‘race, ethnicity and socioeconomic differences,’ rural communities were typically ‘more homogenous.’[8] However, he notes that power was normally concentrated ‘in the hands of a small group of local elites.’[9] Shuttles’ comments are interesting when one considers what many regard as being symbolic of the typical or idyllic rural community. The English manor house and rustic thatched cottage conjure up images of a romantic and traditional arcadian scenario. Indeed, sociologists are now quick to highlight how the paintings of artists such as Constable, and the lucid literary descriptions of writers like Thomas Hardy, have done much to perpetuate the myth of idyllic rural communities within the collective mindset. These were communities where everyone seemingly had his or her ‘place’ within a clearly defined and functional social hierarchy. However, Seymour et al. state that ‘recent debates in rural studies have highlighted the need to reconsider power relations in the countryside by allowing other voices to be heard.’[10] They insist that previously marginalised groups, such as manual workers and housewives, play just as important a role in defining the local community as those in positions of economic and political power. They also note that traditional stereotypes of the rural community are changing both within and out with the locale. For example, farmers were typically viewed as ‘patriotic food producers and the guardians of the countryside.’[11] Since the 1980s the pollution issues concerning unsustainable farming practices and use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides have severely altered the once romantic myth of the farmer as custodian of the landscape and lynch pin of the rural community. Jones’ study of social attitudes in and around the town of Cwmrheidol in rural west Wales is most illuminating. In the late 1980s she began to interview a wide range of locals and incomers; participants included: ‘traditional women and feminists, Welsh speakers and English speakers, residents and summer visitors, New Age travellers, hill farmers and urban commuters.’[12] Indeed, Jones’ findings reveal a plurality of attitudes regarding what constitutes ‘community’ in the local area. Ieuan, a Welsh-speaking hill farmer, seemed to resent official bodies and felt that EU legislation was gradually eroding traditional farming practices and his way-of-life. He was also angry with the planting of Forestry Commission coniferous forests on the hillsides and the imposition of alien boundaries upon once communal pasturelands. Ieuan complained about the ‘thoughtlessness of tourists’ and was sceptical regarding plans to diversify the tourist in dustry.[13] His conservative attitude was shared by Alison and Phil, ‘incomers’ from England, who also opposed development of the area and believed that new housing projects could destroy the rustic character of the local milieu. Another ‘incomer’ named Ros also exhibited similar sentiments and did not want change, so much so that she stated how she would protest vehemently against the renovation of a nearby ‘ruin’. Indeed, one could say that Ieuan, Alison and Phil, and Ros viewed the traditional community as something which should be cherished and remain static throughout time. However, the ‘incomers’ did state that they felt very much like ‘outsiders’ despite having lived in the region for some time. As Ros stated, ’the old locals they’re a community on their own.’[14] The local vicar Patrick Thomas was more than aware of the existence of ‘communities within communities’ throughout this part of Wales. A principal boundary was of a linguistic nature and those who could not speak the Welsh language became effectively excluded from many social and communal activities. Many older inhabitants simply did not view ‘incomers’ as part of the community and seemed to view them as a threat. The vicar strove to promote individual responsibility and attempted to encourage community values regardless of whether an inhabitant was of an ‘insider’ or ‘outsider’ status. Indeed, Patrick Thomas clearly viewed the entire community as a cohesive whole whilst others chose to be more selective in their analysis, often on the grounds of language, ethnicity and place of origin, regarding who was a part of their local ‘community’. Mewett notes how the inhabitants of the Isle of Lewis choose to define the boundaries of the community. He emphasises the importance of nicknames throughout the island by ‘expressing to people the attachment of themselves and others to the local community’[15] and by effectively defining their very social identities. Cohen’s study of the Shetland Island community of Whalsay revealed the existence of a ‘public treasury of personal knowledge.’[16] This social treasury included; ‘the public identities of Whalsay people: the characters attributed to them in public discourse and formulated on the basis of the stereotypical qualities of their kinsfolk or their township of origin; the anecdotal knowledge of incidents in which they were participants; supposed personal idiosyncrasies and so forth.’[17] Such a methodology of social definition is representative of a local folk history and assists in binding the local community together and affirming the notion of ‘being Whalsa’. Cohen concludes that public identities provide social boundaries for the community and serve as veritable ‘compass bearings’.[18] Cohen also highlights the linkage of a person to a place in Whalsay and the propensity of locals to depersonalise individual talents and skills. If someone exhibits an aptitude for woodwork they are said to have ‘Skaw-blood’ in them. The origin of this saying derives from the belief that many skilled carpenters once came from the town of Skaw in the north. This was due to the fact that drift wood commonly accumulated on the coast near this town and the local artisans had a ready supply of the raw material. To compliment one’s ability in such a way effectively grounds the individual within the historical, genealogical, physical and symbolic boundaries of the imagined island community. McFarlane’s study of four villages in Northern Ireland highlights how rural communities choose to define their communal identities and demarcate boundaries within a nation fraught with religious tension. In the predominantly Protestant village of Ballycuan the local history is recounted from a Protestant perspective. The July band marches also symbolised Protestant hegemony within the community and, as the local band master stated, ‘remind everyone that Ballycuan is a Protestant village.’[19] Conversely, in the village of Glenleven, Protestants seemed to ‘present histories which appear to be much less certain about Protestant strengths.’[20] This was due to their minority status in the town and the general consensus amongst all inhabitants that a good sense of community outweighed religious differences. This is an example of how rural inhabitants may choose to redefine the symbolic boundaries of their communities in order to accommodate a plurality of interests. Conclusion As Tuan emphasises, human territoriality and the creation of community is very different to that of the animals which is ‘unburdened by symbolic thought.’[21] There is often ‘an emotional bond between man and nature, man and place.’[22] Cohen’s and Mewett’s studies of rural island communities have highlighted this fact. Community boundaries may be imposed by a variety of individuals or groups in accordance with how they perceive, or wish to perceive, their local society. Such symbolic representations are often crafted on the basis of class, gender or ethnicity but, as Cohen has shown, they can also be very subjective. Cohen also notes that the coming of improved transport linkages to rural communities and the mass market will offer new challenges to how people in the countryside identify themselves collectively. He is however confident that they will continue to define the symbols and boundaries which establishes one as ‘an integral piece of the fabric which constitutes the community.’[23] Bibliography COHEN, A. P. Belonging: Identity and social Organisation in British rural Cultures, Manchester University Press, 1982 COHEN, A. P. Symbolising Boundaries: Identity and Diversity in British Cultures, Manchester University Press, 1986 COHEN, A. P. Whalsay: Symbol, Segment and Boundary In a Shetland Island Community, Manchester University Press, 1987 CRANG, M. Cultural Geography, Routledge, 1998 GIDDENS, A. Sociology, 5th Edition, Polity Press, 2006 LEWIS, G. J. Rural Communities, David and Charles, 1979 LOWERTHAL, D. BOWDEN, M. J. Geographies of the Mind: Essays in Historical Geosophy, Oxford, 1976 MILBOURNE, P. Revealing Rural Others: Representation, Power and Identity in the British Countryside, Pinter, 1997 MITCHELL, D. Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction, Blackwell, 2000 MUIR, R. The New Reading the Landscape: Fieldwork in Landscape History, University of Exeter Press, 2000 PENNING-ROWSELLE, E. C. LOWENTHAL, D. Landscape Meanings and Values, Allen and Unwin, 1986 SALTER, C. L. The Cultural Landscape, Dixbury Press, 1971 1 Footnotes [1] Cohen, A. P. Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, Manchester University Press, 1982, pg. 222 [2] Muir, R. The New Reading the Landscape: Fieldwork in Landscape History, University of Exeter Press, 2000, pg. 68 [3] Muir, R. The New Reading the Landscape: Fieldwork in Landscape History, University of Exeter Press, 2000, pg. 68 [4] Muir, R. The New Reading the Landscape: Fieldwork in Landscape History, University of Exeter Press, 2000, pg. 69 [5] Muir, R. The New Reading the Landscape: Fieldwork in Landscape History, University of Exeter Press, 2000, pg. 82 [6] Cohen, A. P. Whalsay: Symbol, Segment and Boundary in a Shetland Island Community, Manchester University Press, 1987, pg. 14 [7] Cohen, A. P. Whalsay: Symbol, Segment and Boundary in a Shetland Island Community, Manchester University Press, 1987, pg. 14 [8] Shuttles, G. D. The Social Construction of Communities, University of Chicago Press, 1972, pg. 260 [9] Shuttles, G. D. The Social Construction of Communities, University of Chicago Press, 1972, pg. 260 [10] Milbourne, P. Revealing Rural Others: Representation, Power and Identity in the British Countryside, Pinter, 1997, pg. 57 [11] Milbourne, P. Revealing Rural Others: Representation, Power and Identity in the British Countryside, Pinter, 1997, pg. 58 [12] Milbourne, P. Revealing Rural Others: Representation, Power and Identity in the British Countryside, Pinter, 1997, pg. 135 [13] Milbourne, P. Revealing Rural Others: Representation, Power and Identity in the British Countryside, Pinter, 1997, pg. 137 [14] Milbourne, P. Revealing Rural Others: Representation, Power and Identity in the British Countryside, Pinter, 1997, pg.139 [15]Cohen, A. P. Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, Manchester University Press, 1982, pg. 243 [16]Cohen, A. P. Whalsay: Symbol, Segment and Boundary In a Shetland Island Community, Manchester University Press, 1987, pg. 61 [17]Cohen, A. P. Whalsay: Symbol, Segment and Boundary In a Shetland Island Community, Manchester University Press, 1987, pg. 61 [18]Cohen, A. P. Whalsay: Symbol, Segment and Boundary In a Shetland Island Community, Manchester University Press, 1987, pg. 61 [19] Cohen, A. P. Symbolising Boundaries: Identity and Diversity in British Cultures, Manchester University Press, 1986, pg. 94 [20] Cohen, A. P. Symbolising Boundaries: Identity and Diversity in British Cultures, Manchester University Press, 1986, pg. 94 [21] Lowerthal, D. Bowden, M. J. Geographies of the Mind: Essays in Historical Geosophy, Oxford, 1986, pg. 13 [22] Lowerthal, D. Bowden, M. J. Geographies of the Mind: Essays in Historical Geosophy, Oxford, 1986, pg. 13 [23] Cohen, A. P. Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures, Manchester University Press, 1982, pg. 21